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Table of Contents Introduction to Atherosclerosis Epidemiology and Public Health Impact Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis Risk Factors and Causes Modifiable Risk Factors Non-Modifiable Risk Factors Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis Blood Tests and Biomarkers I maging Techniques Treatment Options Medications Surgical Interventions Complications and Prognosis Prevention and Lifestyle Modifications Conclusion 1. Introduction to Atherosclerosis  Atherosclerosis is a progressive condition where the arteries narrow and stiffen due to plaque buildup, which is made up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances. This plaque accumulation impedes blood flow and can lead to serious health complications, including heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease. The condition is often called a "silent killer" because it can progress for years without noticeable symptoms, and is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide. Atherosclerosis...

Introduction Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a highly contagious virus responsible for two distinct clinical manifestations: varicella (commonly known as chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). Varicella represents the primary infection, generally affecting children, while herpes zoster is a reactivation of the dormant virus, usually in older adults or immunocompromised individuals. This article provides a detailed analysis of VZV, including its structure, transmission, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and potential complications. 1. Structure and Classification of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) VZV is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Herpesviridae family, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae . This subfamily includes other human pathogens such as Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2). The following are the structural characteristics of VZV: Genome : VZV con...

  Abstract As the Arctic continues to warm due to climate change, previously dormant microorganisms, including so-called "zombie viruses," are being uncovered from permafrost. These ancient pathogens, which have remained frozen for millennia, represent a potential threat to both wildlife and human health. While much is still unknown about the ability of these viruses to cause outbreaks, scientific research has started to reveal the nature of these dormant microorganisms. This article provides a comprehensive overview of Arctic zombie viruses, their origins, the risks they pose, and the urgent need for further research. It also addresses common questions surrounding these newly discovered threats and examines the potential ecological and public health impacts of their reemergence. Introduction The Arctic, long considered one of the most stable and remote regions of the planet, is now facing unprecedented environmental changes. Due to rising global temperatures, the Arctic is ...